# Multiple-Gate Circuit¶

This example solves a logic circuit problem to demonstrate using Ocean tools to solve a problem on a D-Wave system. It builds on the discussion in the Boolean AND Gate example about the effect of minor-embedding on performance.

Circuit with 7 logic gates, 4 inputs ($$a, b, c, d$$), and 1 output ($$z$$). The circuit implements function $$z = \overline{b} (ac + ad + \overline{c}\overline{d})$$.

## Example Requirements¶

To run the code in this example, the following is required.

If you installed dwave-ocean-sdk and ran dwave setup, your installation should meet these requirements. In D-Wave’s Leap IDE, the default workspace meets these requirements.

## Formulating the Problem as a CSP¶

This example demonstrates two formulations of constraints from the problem’s logic gates:

1. Single comprehensive constraint.

import dwavebinarycsp

def logic_circuit(a, b, c, d, z):
not1 = not b
or2 = b or c
and3 = a and not1
or4 = or2 or d
and5 = and3 and or4
not6 = not or4
or7 = and5 or not6
return (z == or7)

csp = dwavebinarycsp.ConstraintSatisfactionProblem(dwavebinarycsp.BINARY)
csp.add_constraint(logic_circuit, ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'z'])

1. Multiple small constraints.

import dwavebinarycsp
import dwavebinarycsp.factories.constraint.gates as gates
import operator

csp = dwavebinarycsp.ConstraintSatisfactionProblem(dwavebinarycsp.BINARY)


Note

dwavebinarycsp works best for constraints of up to 4 variables; it may not function as expected for constraints of over 8 variables.

The next line of code converts the constraints into a BQM that you solve by sampling.

# Convert the binary constraint satisfaction problem to a binary quadratic model
bqm = dwavebinarycsp.stitch(csp)


The first approach, which consolidates the circuit as a single constraint, yields a binary quadratic model with 7 variables: 4 inputs, 1, output, and 2 ancillary variables. The second approach, which creates a constraint satisfaction problem from multiple small constraints, yields a binary quadratic model with 11 variables: 4 inputs, 1 output, and 6 intermediate outputs of the logic gates.

You can see the binary quadratic models here: Multiple-Gate Circuit: Further Details.

## Minor-Embedding and Sampling¶

Algorithmic minor-embedding is heuristic—solution results vary significantly based on the minor-embedding found.

The next code sets up a D-Wave system as the sampler.

Note

The code below sets a sampler without specifying SAPI parameters. Configure a default solver as described in Configuring Access to D-Wave Solvers to run the code as is, or see dwave-cloud-client to access a particular solver by setting explicit parameters in your code or environment variables.

from dwave.system import DWaveSampler, EmbeddingComposite

# Set up a D-Wave system as the sampler
sampler = EmbeddingComposite(DWaveSampler())


Next, ask for 1000 samples and separate those that satisfy the CSP from those that fail to do so.

sampleset = sampler.sample(bqm, num_reads=1000, label='SDK Examples - Gate Circuit')

# Check how many solutions meet the constraints (are valid)
valid, invalid, data = 0, 0, []
for datum in sampleset.data(['sample', 'energy', 'num_occurrences']):
if (csp.check(datum.sample)):
valid = valid+datum.num_occurrences
for i in range(datum.num_occurrences):
data.append((datum.sample, datum.energy, '1'))
else:
invalid = invalid+datum.num_occurrences
for i in range(datum.num_occurrences):
data.append((datum.sample, datum.energy, '0'))

>>> print(valid, invalid)


For the single constraint approach, 4 runs with their different minor-embeddings yield significantly varied results, as shown in the following table:

Single Constraint

Embedding

(valid, invalid)

1

(39, 961)

2

(1000, 0)

3

(998, 2)

4

(316, 684)

You can see the minor-embeddings found here on a D-Wave 2000Q system: Multiple-Gate Circuit: Further Details; below those embeddings are visualized graphically.

Each of the figure’s 4 panels shows a minor-embedding found for one run of the example code above. The panels show part of the Chimera graph representation of a D-Wave 2000Q QPU, where each unit cell is rendered as a cross of 4 horizontal and 4 vertical dots representing qubits and lines representing couplers between qubit pairs. Color indicates the strengths of linear (qubit) and quadratic (coupler) biases: darker blue for increasingly negative values and darker red for increasingly positive values.

Optionally, you can use the problem-inspector to view the solution on the QPU.

Note

The next code requires the use of Ocean’s problem inspector.

>>> import dwave.inspector
>>> dwave.inspector.show(sampleset)


View of the logical and embedded problem rendered by Ocean’s problem inspector for one arbitrary execution. The CSP’s original BQM, on the left, shows that the solution shown for variable $$z$$ is based on a broken chain; its embedded representation, on the right, shows the broken three-qubit chain for variable $$z$$ highlighted red. The current solution displayed for variable $$z$$ is based on two qubits with spin value $$-1$$ and one with value $$1$$, and thus represented in the problem space with a broken dot (part white, part gold).

For the second approach, which creates a constraint satisfaction problem based on multiple small constraints, a larger number of variables (11 versus 7) need to be minor-embedded, resulting in worse performance. However, performance was greatly improved in this case by increasing the chain strength (to 2 instead of 1 previously used by default on the runs above).

Multiple Constraints

Embedding

Chain Strength

(valid, invalid)

1

1

(7, 993)

2

1

(417, 583)

3

2

(941, 59)

4

2

(923, 77)

You can see the minor-embeddings used here: Multiple-Gate Circuit: Further Details; below those embeddings are visualized graphically.

Each of the figure’s 4 panels shows a minor-embedding found for one run of the example code above, as described for the previous figure. Here, the top two panels are for runs with the default chain-strength of 1 and the bottom two for chain-strengths of 2.

## Looking at the Results¶

You can verify the solution to the circuit problem by checking an arbitrary valid or invalid sample:

>>> print(sampleset.first.sample)
{'a': 1, 'c': 0, 'b': 0, 'not1': 1, 'd': 1, 'or4': 1, 'or2': 0, 'not6': 0,
'and5': 1, 'z': 1, 'and3': 1}


For the lowest-energy sample of the last run, found above, the inputs are $$a, b, c, d = 1, 0, 0, 1$$ and the output is $$z=1$$, which indeed matches the analytical solution for the circuit,

\begin{align}\begin{aligned}z &= \overline{b} (ac + ad + \overline{c}\overline{d})\\ &= 1(0+1+0)\\ &= 1\end{aligned}\end{align}

The example code above converted the constraint satisfaction problem to a binary quadratic model using the default minimum energy gap of 2. Therefore, each constraint violated by the solution increases the energy level of the binary quadratic model by at least 2 relative to ground energy. You can also plot the energies for valid and invalid samples:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.ion()
plt.scatter(range(len(data)), [x[1] for x in data], c=['y' if (x[2] == '1')    \
else 'r' for x in data],marker='.')
plt.xlabel('Sample')
plt.ylabel('Energy')


Energies per sample for a 1000-sample problem submission of the logic circuit. Blue points represent valid solutions (solutions that solve the constraint satisfaction problem) and red points the invalid solutions.

You can see in the graph that valid solutions have energy -9.5 and invalid solutions energies of -7.5, -5.5, and -3.5.

>>> for datum in sampleset.data(['sample', 'energy', 'num_occurrences', 'chain_break_fraction']):
...    print(datum)
...
Sample(sample={'a': 1, 'c': 0, 'b': 1, 'not1': 0, 'd': 1, 'or4': 1, 'or2': 1, 'not6': 0, 'and5': 0, 'z': 0, 'and3': 0}, energy=-9.5, num_occurrences=13, chain_break_fraction=0.0)
Sample(sample={'a': 1, 'c': 1, 'b': 1, 'not1': 0, 'd': 0, 'or4': 1, 'or2': 1, 'not6': 0, 'and5': 0, 'z': 0, 'and3': 0}, energy=-9.5, num_occurrences=14, chain_break_fraction=0.0)
# Snipped this section for brevity
Sample(sample={'a': 1, 'c': 0, 'b': 0, 'not1': 1, 'd': 1, 'or4': 1, 'or2': 0, 'not6': 1, 'and5': 1, 'z': 1, 'and3': 1}, energy=-7.5, num_occurrences=3, chain_break_fraction=0.09090909090909091)
Sample(sample={'a': 1, 'c': 1, 'b': 0, 'not1': 1, 'd': 1, 'or4': 1, 'or2': 1, 'not6': 1, 'and5': 1, 'z': 1, 'and3': 1}, energy=-7.5, num_occurrences=1, chain_break_fraction=0.18181818181818182)
Sample(sample={'a': 1, 'c': 1, 'b': 1, 'not1': 1, 'd': 0, 'or4': 1, 'or2': 1, 'not6': 1, 'and5': 1, 'z': 1, 'and3': 1}, energy=-5.5, num_occurrences=4, chain_break_fraction=0.18181818181818182)
# Snipped this section for brevity
Sample(sample={'a': 1, 'c': 1, 'b': 1, 'not1': 1, 'd': 0, 'or4': 1, 'or2': 1, 'not6': 1, 'and5': 0, 'z': 1, 'and3': 1}, energy=-3.5, num_occurrences=1, chain_break_fraction=0.2727272727272727)


You can see, for example, that sample:

Sample(sample={'a': 1, 'c': 1, 'b': 0, 'not1': 1, 'd': 1, 'or4': 1, 'or2': 1, 'not6': 1, 'and5': 1, 'z': 1, 'and3': 1}, energy=-7.5, num_occurrences=1, chain_break_fraction=0.18181818181818182)


has a higher energy by 2 than the ground energy. It is expected that this solution violates a single constraint, and you can see that it violates constraint:

Constraint.from_configurations(frozenset([(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1)]), ('a', 'not1', 'and3'), Vartype.BINARY, name='AND')


on AND gate 3.

Note also that for samples with higher energy there tends to be an increasing fraction of broken chains: zero for the valid solutions but rising to almost 30% for solutions that have three broken constraints.