Source code for dwave.embedding.transforms

# Copyright 2018 D-Wave Systems Inc.
#
#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
#    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
#    You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
#    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
#    limitations under the License.

import collections.abc as abc
import itertools
import warnings

import numpy as np
import dimod

from collections import defaultdict
from copy import deepcopy

from dwave.embedding.chain_breaks import majority_vote, broken_chains
from dwave.embedding.exceptions import MissingEdgeError, MissingChainError, InvalidNodeError, DisconnectedChainError
from dwave.embedding.utils import adjacency_to_edges, intlabel_disjointsets
from dwave.embedding.chain_strength import uniform_torque_compensation


try:
    from dimod import AdjArrayBQM
    from dimod.core.bqm import BinaryView, SpinView
except ImportError:
    # dummy classes for isinstance checks
    class AdjArrayBQM: pass
    class BinaryView: pass
    class SpinView: pass


__all__ = ['embed_bqm',
           'embed_ising',
           'embed_qubo',
           'unembed_sampleset',
           'EmbeddedStructure',
           ]

[docs]class EmbeddedStructure(dict): """Processes an embedding and a target graph to collect target edges into those within individual chains, and those that connect chains. This is used elsewhere to embed binary quadratic models into the target graph. Args: target_edges (iterable[edge]): An iterable of edges in the target graph. Each edge should be an iterable of 2 hashable objects. embedding (dict): Mapping from source graph to target graph as a dict of form {s: {t, ...}, ...}, where s is a source-model variable and t is a target-model variable. This class is a dict, and acts as an immutable duplicate of embedding. """ def __init__(self, target_edges, embedding): if isinstance(embedding, EmbeddedStructure): super().__init__(embedding) if target_edges is None: # this condition is used by self.copy self._interaction_edges = embedding._interaction_edges.copy() self._chain_edges = embedding._chain_edges.copy() return else: super().__init__((u, tuple(c)) for u, c in embedding.items()) target_label = {} self._chain_edges = chain_edges = {} self._interaction_edges = interaction_edges = defaultdict(list) self._chain_strength = None disjoint_sets = {} # prepare the data structures and compute the labeling of target nodes for u, emb_u in self.items(): chain_edges[u] = [] if not emb_u: raise MissingChainError(u) disjoint_sets[u] = intlabel_disjointsets(len(emb_u)) for i, q in enumerate(emb_u): target_label[q] = u, i # filter the target edges into / between chain components for p, q in target_edges: if p in target_label and q in target_label: u, i = target_label[p] v, j = target_label[q] if u == v: chain_edges[u].append((i, j)) disjoint_sets[u].union(i, j) else: interaction_edges[u, v].append(i) interaction_edges[v, u].append(j) for u, emb_u in self.items(): if len(emb_u) != disjoint_sets[u].size(0): raise DisconnectedChainError(u) def __copy__(self): return EmbeddedStructure(None, self) copy = __copy__ def __deepcopy__(self, memo): id_ = id(self) new = memo.get(id_, None) if new is not None: return new # everything is hashable so all copies are deep. Technically this # can break some object equivalence (because we're ignoring the # memo) but since the chains are converted into a new tuple in # the __init__ already... this seems simpler and cleaner. new = memo[id_] = self.copy() return new @property def chain_strength(self): """callable: Return the chain strength selected for embedding.""" return self._chain_strength def chain_edges(self, u): """Iterate over edges contained in the chain for u. Args: u (hashable): A key in self. Yields: tuple: A 2-tuple, corresponding to an edge in the target graph. """ emb_u = self[u] for i, j in self._chain_edges[u]: yield emb_u[i], emb_u[j] def interaction_edges(self, u, *args): """Iterate over edges between in the chains for u and v. Args: u (hashable/tuple): A key in self. v (hashable, optional): A key in self. If this argument is omitted, interprets :code:`u, v := u`. Yields: tuple: A 2-tuple, corresponding to an edge in the target graph. """ if args: v, = args else: u, v = u emb_u = self[u] emb_v = self[v] int_u = self._interaction_edges[u, v] int_v = self._interaction_edges[v, u] for i, j in zip(int_u, int_v): yield emb_u[i], emb_v[j] def _mutate_dict(self, *a, **k): """Raise a TypeError -- this method is not supported because EmbeddedStructure is immutable, but exists because dict is the parent class.""" raise TypeError("EmbeddedStructure is immutable") __delitem__=__setitem__=clear=pop=popitem=setdefault=update=_mutate_dict def fromkeys(self, *args, **kwargs): """Raise a NotImplemented -- this method is not supported for the EmbeddedStructure class, but exists because dict is the parent class.""" raise NotImplementedError("EmbeddedStructure does not support the" " fromkeys method") def embed_bqm(self, source_bqm, chain_strength=None, smear_vartype=None): """Embed a binary quadratic model onto a target graph. Args: source_bqm (:class:`~dimod.BinaryQuadraticModel`): Binary quadratic model to embed. chain_strength (float/mapping/callable, optional): Sets the coupling strength between qubits representing variables that form a :term:`chain`. Mappings should specify the required chain strength for each variable. Callables should accept the BQM and embedding and return a float or mapping. By default, `chain_strength` is calculated with :func:`~dwave.embedding.chain_strength.uniform_torque_compensation`. smear_vartype (:class:`.Vartype`, optional, default=None): Determines whether the linear bias of embedded variables is smeared (the specified value is evenly divided as biases of a chain in the target graph) in SPIN or BINARY space. Defaults to the :class:`.Vartype` of `source_bqm`. Returns: :obj:`.BinaryQuadraticModel`: Target binary quadratic model. Examples: This example embeds a triangular binary quadratic model representing a :math:`K_3` clique into a square target graph by mapping variable `c` in the source to nodes `2` and `3` in the target. >>> import networkx as nx ... >>> target = nx.cycle_graph(4) >>> # Binary quadratic model for a triangular source graph >>> h = {'a': 0, 'b': 0, 'c': 0} >>> J = {('a', 'b'): 1, ('b', 'c'): 1, ('a', 'c'): 1} >>> bqm = dimod.BinaryQuadraticModel.from_ising(h, J) >>> # Variable c is a chain >>> embedding = {'a': {0}, 'b': {1}, 'c': {2, 3}} >>> # Embed and show the chain strength >>> target_bqm = dwave.embedding.embed_bqm(bqm, embedding, target) >>> target_bqm.quadratic[(2, 3)] -1.9996979771955565 >>> print(target_bqm.quadratic) # doctest: +SKIP {(0, 1): 1.0, (0, 3): 1.0, (1, 2): 1.0, (2, 3): -1.9996979771955565} See also: :func:`.embed_ising`, :func:`.embed_qubo` """ return_vartype = source_bqm.vartype if smear_vartype is dimod.SPIN: source_bqm = source_bqm.spin elif smear_vartype is dimod.BINARY: source_bqm = source_bqm.binary else: smear_vartype = source_bqm.vartype # we need this check to support dimod 0.9.x, where there was one bqm # type that was not shapeable if (isinstance(source_bqm, (AdjArrayBQM, SpinView, BinaryView)) and not source_bqm.shapeable()): # this will never happen in dimod>=0.10.0 target_bqm = dimod.AdjVectorBQM.empty(smear_vartype) else: try: # dimod 0.9.x target_bqm = source_bqm.base.empty(smear_vartype) except AttributeError: target_bqm = source_bqm.empty(smear_vartype) # add the offset target_bqm.offset += source_bqm.offset if chain_strength is None: chain_strength = uniform_torque_compensation if callable(chain_strength): chain_strength = chain_strength(source_bqm, self) self._chain_strength = chain_strength if isinstance(chain_strength, abc.Mapping): strength_iter = (chain_strength[v] for v in source_bqm.linear) else: strength_iter = itertools.repeat(chain_strength) offset = 0 # spread the linear source bias equally over the target variables in the # chain and add chain edges as necessary for (v, bias), strength in zip(source_bqm.linear.items(), strength_iter): chain = self.get(v) if chain is None: raise MissingChainError(v) #we check that this is nonzero in __init__ b = bias / len(chain) target_bqm.add_variables_from({u: b for u in chain}) if len(chain) == 1: # in the case where the chain has length 1, there are no chain # quadratic biases, but we none-the-less want the chain # variables to appear in the target_bqm q, = chain target_bqm.add_variable(q, 0.0) elif smear_vartype is dimod.SPIN: for p, q in self.chain_edges(v): target_bqm.add_interaction(p, q, -strength) offset += strength else: # this is in spin, but we need to respect the vartype for p, q in self.chain_edges(v): target_bqm.add_interaction(p, q, -4*strength) target_bqm.add_variable(p, 2*strength) target_bqm.add_variable(q, 2*strength) target_bqm.offset += offset # next up the quadratic biases, spread the quadratic biases evenly over # the available interactions for (u, v), bias in source_bqm.quadratic.items(): interactions = list(self.interaction_edges(u, v)) if not interactions: raise MissingEdgeError(u, v) b = bias / len(interactions) target_bqm.add_interactions_from((u, v, b) for u, v in interactions) # we made the target BQM so we can safely mutate it in-place return target_bqm.change_vartype(return_vartype, inplace=True)
[docs]def embed_bqm(source_bqm, embedding=None, target_adjacency=None, chain_strength=None, smear_vartype=None): """Embed a binary quadratic model onto a target graph. Args: source_bqm (:class:`~dimod.BinaryQuadraticModel`): Binary quadratic model to embed. embedding (dict/:class:`.EmbeddedStructure`): Mapping from source graph to target graph as a dict of form {s: {t, ...}, ...}, where s is a source-model variable and t is a target-model variable. Alternately, an EmbeddedStructure object produced by, for example, EmbeddedStructure(target_adjacency.edges(), embedding). If embedding is a dict, target_adjacency must be provided. target_adjacency (dict/:obj:`networkx.Graph`, optional): Adjacency of the target graph as a dict of form {t: Nt, ...}, where t is a variable in the target graph and Nt is its set of neighbours. This should be omitted if and only if embedding is an EmbeddedStructure object. chain_strength (float/mapping/callable, optional): Sets the coupling strength between qubits representing variables that form a :term:`chain`. Mappings should specify the required chain strength for each variable. Callables should accept the BQM and embedding and return a float or mapping. By default, `chain_strength` is calculated with :func:`~dwave.embedding.chain_strength.uniform_torque_compensation`. smear_vartype (:class:`.Vartype`, optional, default=None): Determines whether the linear bias of embedded variables is smeared (the specified value is evenly divided as biases of a chain in the target graph) in SPIN or BINARY space. Defaults to the :class:`.Vartype` of `source_bqm`. Returns: :obj:`.BinaryQuadraticModel`: Target binary quadratic model. Examples: This example embeds a triangular binary quadratic model representing a :math:`K_3` clique into a square target graph by mapping variable `c` in the source to nodes `2` and `3` in the target. >>> import networkx as nx ... >>> target = nx.cycle_graph(4) >>> # Binary quadratic model for a triangular source graph >>> h = {'a': 0, 'b': 0, 'c': 0} >>> J = {('a', 'b'): 1, ('b', 'c'): 1, ('a', 'c'): 1} >>> bqm = dimod.BinaryQuadraticModel.from_ising(h, J) >>> # Variable c is a chain >>> embedding = {'a': {0}, 'b': {1}, 'c': {2, 3}} >>> # Embed and show the chain strength >>> target_bqm = dwave.embedding.embed_bqm(bqm, embedding, target) >>> target_bqm.quadratic[(2, 3)] -1.9996979771955565 >>> print(target_bqm.quadratic) # doctest: +SKIP {(0, 1): 1.0, (0, 3): 1.0, (1, 2): 1.0, (2, 3): -1.9996979771955565} See also: :func:`.embed_ising`, :func:`.embed_qubo` """ if isinstance(embedding, EmbeddedStructure): if target_adjacency is not None: warnings.warn( "target_adjacency should not be provided if embedding is an " "EmbeddedStructure. The given value will be ignored. In the " "future this will raise an exception", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2 ) elif target_adjacency is None: raise ValueError("either embedding should be an EmbeddedStructure, or " "target_adjacency must be provided") else: target_edges = adjacency_to_edges(target_adjacency) embedding = EmbeddedStructure(target_edges, embedding) return embedding.embed_bqm(source_bqm, smear_vartype=smear_vartype, chain_strength=chain_strength)
[docs]def embed_ising(source_h, source_J, embedding, target_adjacency, chain_strength=None): """Embed an Ising problem onto a target graph. Args: source_h (dict[variable, bias]/list[bias]): Linear biases of the Ising problem. If a list, the list's indices are used as variable labels. source_J (dict[(variable, variable), bias]): Quadratic biases of the Ising problem. embedding (dict): Mapping from source graph to target graph as a dict of form {s: {t, ...}, ...}, where s is a source-model variable and t is a target-model variable. target_adjacency (dict/:obj:`networkx.Graph`): Adjacency of the target graph as a dict of form {t: Nt, ...}, where t is a target-graph variable and Nt is its set of neighbours. chain_strength (float/mapping/callable, optional): Sets the coupling strength between qubits representing variables that form a :term:`chain`. Mappings should specify the required chain strength for each variable. Callables should accept the BQM and embedding and return a float or mapping. By default, `chain_strength` is calculated with :func:`~dwave.embedding.chain_strength.uniform_torque_compensation`. Returns: tuple: A 2-tuple: dict[variable, bias]: Linear biases of the target Ising problem. dict[(variable, variable), bias]: Quadratic biases of the target Ising problem. Examples: This example embeds a triangular Ising problem representing a :math:`K_3` clique into a square target graph by mapping variable `c` in the source to nodes `2` and `3` in the target. >>> import networkx as nx ... >>> target = nx.cycle_graph(4) >>> # Ising problem biases >>> h = {'a': 0, 'b': 0, 'c': 0} >>> J = {('a', 'b'): 1, ('b', 'c'): 1, ('a', 'c'): 1} >>> # Variable c is a chain >>> embedding = {'a': {0}, 'b': {1}, 'c': {2, 3}} >>> # Embed and show the resulting biases >>> th, tJ = dwave.embedding.embed_ising(h, J, embedding, target) >>> th # doctest: +SKIP {0: 0.0, 1: 0.0, 2: 0.0, 3: 0.0} >>> tJ # doctest: +SKIP {(0, 1): 1.0, (0, 3): 1.0, (1, 2): 1.0, (2, 3): -1.0} See also: :func:`.embed_bqm`, :func:`.embed_qubo` """ source_bqm = dimod.BinaryQuadraticModel.from_ising(source_h, source_J) target_bqm = embed_bqm(source_bqm, embedding, target_adjacency, chain_strength=chain_strength) target_h, target_J, __ = target_bqm.to_ising() return target_h, target_J
[docs]def embed_qubo(source_Q, embedding, target_adjacency, chain_strength=None): """Embed a QUBO onto a target graph. Args: source_Q (dict[(variable, variable), bias]): Coefficients of a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) model. embedding (dict): Mapping from source graph to target graph as a dict of form {s: {t, ...}, ...}, where s is a source-model variable and t is a target-model variable. target_adjacency (dict/:obj:`networkx.Graph`): Adjacency of the target graph as a dict of form {t: Nt, ...}, where t is a target-graph variable and Nt is its set of neighbours. chain_strength (float/mapping/callable, optional): Sets the coupling strength between qubits representing variables that form a :term:`chain`. Mappings should specify the required chain strength for each variable. Callables should accept the BQM and embedding and return a float or mapping. By default, `chain_strength` is calculated with :func:`~dwave.embedding.chain_strength.uniform_torque_compensation`. Returns: dict[(variable, variable), bias]: Quadratic biases of the target QUBO. Examples: This example embeds a triangular QUBO representing a :math:`K_3` clique into a square target graph by mapping variable `c` in the source to nodes `2` and `3` in the target. >>> import networkx as nx ... >>> target = nx.cycle_graph(4) >>> # QUBO >>> Q = {('a', 'b'): 1, ('b', 'c'): 1, ('a', 'c'): 1} >>> # Variable c is a chain >>> embedding = {'a': {0}, 'b': {1}, 'c': {2, 3}} >>> # Embed and show the resulting biases >>> tQ = dwave.embedding.embed_qubo(Q, embedding, target) >>> tQ # doctest: +SKIP {(0, 1): 1.0, (0, 3): 1.0, (1, 2): 1.0, (2, 3): -4.0, (0, 0): 0.0, (1, 1): 0.0, (2, 2): 2.0, (3, 3): 2.0} See also: :func:`.embed_bqm`, :func:`.embed_ising` """ source_bqm = dimod.BinaryQuadraticModel.from_qubo(source_Q) target_bqm = embed_bqm(source_bqm, embedding, target_adjacency, chain_strength=chain_strength) target_Q, __ = target_bqm.to_qubo() return target_Q
[docs]def unembed_sampleset(target_sampleset, embedding, source_bqm, chain_break_method=None, chain_break_fraction=False, return_embedding=False): """Unembed a sample set. Given samples from a target binary quadratic model (BQM), construct a sample set for a source BQM by unembedding. Args: target_sampleset (:obj:`dimod.SampleSet`): Sample set from the target BQM. embedding (dict): Mapping from source graph to target graph as a dict of form {s: {t, ...}, ...}, where s is a source variable and t is a target variable. source_bqm (:obj:`~dimod.BinaryQuadraticModel`): Source BQM. chain_break_method (function/list, optional): Method or methods used to resolve chain breaks. If multiple methods are given, the results are concatenated and a new field called "chain_break_method" specifying the index of the method is appended to the sample set. Defaults to :func:`~dwave.embedding.chain_breaks.majority_vote`. See :mod:`dwave.embedding.chain_breaks`. chain_break_fraction (bool, optional, default=False): Add a `chain_break_fraction` field to the unembedded :obj:`dimod.SampleSet` with the fraction of chains broken before unembedding. return_embedding (bool, optional, default=False): If True, the embedding is added to :attr:`dimod.SampleSet.info` of the returned sample set. Note that if an `embedding` key already exists in the sample set then it is overwritten. Returns: :obj:`.SampleSet`: Sample set in the source BQM. Examples: This example unembeds from a square target graph samples of a triangular source BQM. >>> # Triangular binary quadratic model and an embedding >>> J = {('a', 'b'): -1, ('b', 'c'): -1, ('a', 'c'): -1} >>> bqm = dimod.BinaryQuadraticModel.from_ising({}, J) >>> embedding = {'a': [0, 1], 'b': [2], 'c': [3]} >>> # Samples from the embedded binary quadratic model >>> samples = [{0: -1, 1: -1, 2: -1, 3: -1}, # [0, 1] is unbroken ... {0: -1, 1: +1, 2: +1, 3: +1}] # [0, 1] is broken >>> energies = [-3, 1] >>> embedded = dimod.SampleSet.from_samples(samples, dimod.SPIN, energies) >>> # Unembed >>> samples = dwave.embedding.unembed_sampleset(embedded, embedding, bqm) >>> samples.record.sample # doctest: +SKIP array([[-1, -1, -1], [ 1, 1, 1]], dtype=int8) """ if chain_break_method is None: chain_break_method = majority_vote elif isinstance(chain_break_method, abc.Sequence): # we want to apply multiple CBM and then combine samplesets = [unembed_sampleset(target_sampleset, embedding, source_bqm, chain_break_method=cbm, chain_break_fraction=chain_break_fraction) for cbm in chain_break_method] sampleset = dimod.sampleset.concatenate(samplesets) # Add a new data field tracking which came from # todo: add this functionality to dimod cbm_idxs = np.empty(len(sampleset), dtype=int) start = 0 for i, ss in enumerate(samplesets): cbm_idxs[start:start+len(ss)] = i start += len(ss) new = np.lib.recfunctions.append_fields(sampleset.record, 'chain_break_method', cbm_idxs, asrecarray=True, usemask=False) return type(sampleset)(new, sampleset.variables, sampleset.info, sampleset.vartype) variables = list(source_bqm.variables) # need this ordered try: chains = [embedding[v] for v in variables] except KeyError: raise ValueError("given bqm does not match the embedding") record = target_sampleset.record unembedded, idxs = chain_break_method(target_sampleset, chains) reserved = {'sample', 'energy'} vectors = {name: record[name][idxs] for name in record.dtype.names if name not in reserved} if chain_break_fraction: broken = broken_chains(target_sampleset, chains) if broken.size: vectors['chain_break_fraction'] = broken.mean(axis=1)[idxs] else: vectors['chain_break_fraction'] = 0 info = target_sampleset.info.copy() if return_embedding: embedding_context = dict(embedding=embedding, chain_break_method=chain_break_method.__name__) info.update(embedding_context=embedding_context) return dimod.SampleSet.from_samples_bqm((unembedded, variables), source_bqm, info=info, **vectors)