class BinaryQuadraticModel(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Binary quadratic model is the superclass that contains the Ising model and the QUBO.

Parameters: linear (dict[variable, bias]) – Linear biases as a dict, where keys are the variables of the binary quadratic model and values the linear biases associated with these variables. A variable can be any python object that is valid as a dictionary key. Biases are generally numbers but this is not explicitly checked. quadratic (dict[(variable, variable), bias]) – Quadratic biases as a dict, where keys are 2-tuples of variables and values the quadratic biases associated with the pair of variables (the interaction). A variable can be any python object that is valid as a dictionary key. Biases are generally numbers but this is not explicitly checked. Interactions that are not unique are added. offset (number) – Constant energy offset associated with the binary quadratic model. Any input type is allowed, but many applications assume that offset is a number. See BinaryQuadraticModel.energy(). vartype (Vartype/str/set) – Variable type for the binary quadratic model. Accepted input values: Vartype.SPIN, 'SPIN', {-1, 1} Vartype.BINARY, 'BINARY', {0, 1} **kwargs – Any additional keyword parameters and their values are stored in BinaryQuadraticModel.info.

Notes

The BinaryQuadraticModel class does not enforce types on biases and offsets, but most applications that use this class assume that they are numeric.

Examples

This example creates a binary quadratic model with three spin variables.

>>> bqm = dimod.BinaryQuadraticModel({0: 1, 1: -1, 2: .5},
...                                  {(0, 1): .5, (1, 2): 1.5},
...                                  1.4,
...                                  dimod.Vartype.SPIN)


This example creates a binary quadratic model with non-numeric variables (variables can be any hashable object).

>>> bqm = dimod.BQM({'a': 0.0, 'b': -1.0, 'c': 0.5},
...                                  {('a', 'b'): -1.0, ('b', 'c'): 1.5},
...                                  1.4,
...                                  dimod.SPIN)
>>> len(bqm)
3
>>> 'b' in bqm
True

linear

Linear biases as a dict, where keys are the variables of the binary quadratic model and values the linear biases associated with these variables.

Type: dict[variable, bias]
quadratic

Quadratic biases as a dict, where keys are 2-tuples of variables, which represent an interaction between the two variables, and values are the quadratic biases associated with the interactions.

Type: dict[(variable, variable), bias]
offset

The energy offset associated with the model. Same type as given on instantiation.

Type: number
vartype

The model’s type. One of Vartype.SPIN or Vartype.BINARY.

Type: Vartype
variables

The variables in the binary quadratic model as a dictionary keys view object.

Type: keysview
adj

The model’s interactions as nested dicts. In graphic representation, where variables are nodes and interactions are edges or adjacencies, keys of the outer dict (adj) are all the model’s nodes (e.g. v) and values are the inner dicts. For the inner dict associated with outer-key/node ‘v’, keys are all the nodes adjacent to v (e.g. u) and values are quadratic biases associated with the pair of inner and outer keys (u, v).

Type: dict
info

A place to store miscellaneous data about the binary quadratic model as a whole.

Type: dict
SPIN

An alias of Vartype.SPIN for easier access.

Type: Vartype
BINARY

An alias of Vartype.BINARY for easier access.

Type: Vartype

Examples

This example creates an instance of the BinaryQuadraticModel class for the K4 complete graph, where the nodes have biases set equal to their sequential labels and interactions are the concatenations of the node pairs (e.g., 23 for u,v = 2,3).

>>> linear = {1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 4}
>>> quadratic = {(1, 2): 12, (1, 3): 13, (1, 4): 14,
...              (2, 3): 23, (2, 4): 24,
...              (3, 4): 34}
>>> offset = 0.0
>>> vartype = dimod.BINARY