Samplers such as D-Wave quantum computers accept unconstrained models (binary quadratic models, for D-Wave systems: binary because variables are represented by qubits that return two states and quadratic because you can configure coupling strengths between pairs of qubits). Hybrid quantum-classical samplers can accept non-binary models; for example, quadratic models with discrete variables.

When using such samplers to handle problems with constraints, you typically formulate the constraints as penalties: see Getting Started with D-Wave Solvers. (Constrained models, such as the dimod.ConstrainedQuadraticModel, can support constraints natively.)

## Supported Models¶

See examples of using QPU solvers and Leap hybrid solvers on these models in the dwave-examples GitHub repository.

## Model Construction¶

dimod provides a variety of model generators. These are especially useful for testing code and learning.

### Example: dimod BQM Generator¶

This example generates a BQM from a fully-connected graph (a clique) where all linear biases are zero and quadratic values are uniformly selected -1 or +1 values.

>>> bqm = dimod.generators.random.ran_r(1, 7, cls=dimod.AdjVectorBQM)


Typically you construct a model when reformulating your problem, using such techniques as those presented in D-Wave’s system documentation’s oceandocs:doc_handbook.

### Example: Formulating a Max-Cut Problem as a BQM¶

The small four-node maximum cut problem shown in this figure,

Star graph with four nodes.

Can be represented, as shown in the dwave-examples Maximum Cut example, by a QUBO:

$\begin{split}Q = \begin{bmatrix} -3 & 2 & 2 & 2\\ 0 & -1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & -1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix}\end{split}$

For learning and testing with small BQMs, constructing BQMs in Python is convenient:

>>> qubo = {(0, 0): -3, (1, 1): -1, (0, 1): 2, (2, 2): -1,
...         (0, 2): 2, (3, 3): -1, (0, 3): 2}
>>> bqm = dimod.BQM.from_qubo(qubo)


For performance, especially with very large BQMs, you might read the data from a file using methods, such as from_file() or from NumPy arrays.

### Example: Interaction Between Integer Variables¶

This example constructs a QM with an interaction between two integer variables.

>>> qm = dimod.QuadraticModel()